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Java Exceptions and Errors Java Exceptions and Errors ⚠️ What is an Exception? An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program. It occurs during runtime and is recoverable . Example: Dividing by zero, accessing an invalid array index. ❌ What is an Error? An error is a serious issue beyond the control of the application. Typically unrecoverable and leads to program termination. Example: Hardware failure, memory issues, JVM crash. 🌳 Java Exception Hierarchy All exceptions and errors inherit from the Throwable class: Throwable ├── Exception → Can be handled by code │ ├── Checked → Must be handled │ └── Unchecked → Optional to handle └── Error → Cannot/should not be handled 🧱 Types of Exceptions ✅ Built-in Exceptions Predefined by Java. Handle common runtime issues. Examples: NullPointerException , IOException , ArrayIndex...
Understanding OOP Principles with a Banking System Example 💼 Project: Banking System (as an Example) Let’s explore how Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principles can be applied in a real-world project like a banking system. 🔐 1. Encapsulation – Hiding Internal Data Consider a class like Account . It has private variables like balance . You can only change the balance using methods like deposit() or withdraw() . ✅ Why? It protects data and ensures only valid changes happen. 👪 2. Inheritance – Reusing Code We create a base class called Account , and then make child classes: SavingsAccount CurrentAccount ✅ Why? Avoids repeating common code in multiple places. 🎭 3. Polymorphism – Same Method, Different Behavior We define an interface called Notification with a method send() . Implementations: EmailNotification , SMSNotification , etc. ✅ Why? We can use send() without worrying about how ...
🌱 Spring Boot Basics Spring Boot makes it easy to create stand-alone, production-grade Spring-based applications. In this post, you'll learn its core concepts, including auto-configuration, starter dependencies, and embedded servers. 📘 1. What is Spring Boot? Spring Boot is a framework built on top of the Spring Framework. Its goal is to simplify the development of production-ready Spring applications by reducing the amount of boilerplate code and configuration. ✅ Key Benefits: Auto-configuration: Smart defaults based on your dependencies Embedded servers: Like Tomcat or Jetty — no need to deploy WARs Opinionated setup: Makes decisions for you, but still customizable Single entry point: Uses @SpringBootApplication to bootstrap the app 🆚 Spring Boot vs Spring Framework Feature Spring Framework Spring Boot Configuration Manual (XML or Java) Auto-confi...
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